Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a common type of skin cancer that arises from basal cells, which are responsible for producing new skin cells. This form of cancer typically appears on areas of the skin frequently exposed to the sun, such as the head and neck. Although BCC grows slowly and is rarely fatal, it can cause significant damage to surrounding tissues if left untreated.
Symptoms
BCC can manifest in various ways, including:
- A pearly or waxy bump that may be white, pink, or brown.
- A flat, scaly, reddish patch with a raised edge.
- A lesion with visible blood vessels and a central depression.
- A scar-like area that is white, yellow, or waxy and lacks a defined border.
Causes
The primary cause of BCC is long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. This exposure can lead to DNA damage in the basal cells, triggering abnormal cell growth.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing BCC, including:
- Prolonged sun exposure
- History of frequent sunburns
- Fair skin, light hair, and light-colored eyes
- Older age
- A personal or family history of skin cancer
- Use of immunosuppressive medications
- Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, such as arsenic
- Genetic conditions that predispose individuals to skin cancer
Complications
While BCC rarely metastasizes, it can recur after treatment and may invade nearby tissues and bones, leading to disfigurement. Patients with a history of BCC are also at higher risk for developing other types of skin cancer.
Prevention
Preventive measures for BCC include:
- Avoiding sun exposure during peak hours (10 a.m. to 4 p.m.)
- Using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher
- Wearing protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses
- Steering clear of tanning beds
- Regularly examining the skin for new growths or changes and seeking prompt medical advice if any are found
By taking these precautions, individuals can significantly reduce their risk of developing basal cell carcinoma and other forms of skin cancer.